Global news & analysis
Global news & analysis
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No one knows how much publishers make in return for providing these modest services, but we can guess. In 2017, the Association of Research Libraries surveyed its 123 member institutions and found they were paying a collective $1 billion in journal subscriptions every year. The ARL covers some of the biggest universities, but not nearly all of them, so let’s guess that number accounts for half of all university subscription spending. In 2023, the federal government estimated it paid nearly $380 million in article processing charges alone, and those are separate from subscriptions. So it wouldn’t be crazy if American universities were paying something like $2.5 billion to publishers every year, with the majority of that ultimately coming from taxpayers.
灯彩艺术秉承“图必有意，意必吉祥”的传统，形成了一套深厚而独特的文化符号体系。以蝙蝠、宝瓶、白象三种经典形象为例：作为独立的灯彩，它们分别象征福祉、平安与祥瑞。而清代《升平乐事图》中，宝瓶内插有戟，戟上悬挂万字符，白象驮载宝瓶，并配以如意、双钱等纹样，从而凝练成“平安纳吉”“太平有象”等层次更丰富的寓意。